Among the approximately 4,000 lung transplantation procedures performed each year worldwide, high tacrolimus blood concentrations are common and known to be associated with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) that can progress to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)1,2. Inhaled Tacrolimus Powder, which is delivered directly to the lung, offers a potentially attractive option for lung transplantation patients by maintaining higher concentrations at the site of the graft while not exposing other organs to supra-therapeutic plasma levels that are well known to cause renal damage in a substantial portion of these patients.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a routine practice in lung transplant recipients where tacrolimus dosing is continually titrated to maintain plasma concentrations within a narrow therapeutic window. Tacrolimus trough plasma concentrations in a range of 5-15 ng/mL are generally regarded as necessary for effective immunosuppression and a range of 10-15 ng/mL is used in the first year following transplant to minimize rejection3,4. However, the challenge for lung transplant patients is to ensure sufficiently high local concentrations of tacrolimus are maintained in the lung to prevent acute allograft rejection without inducing renal toxicity.
“The data from this Phase 1 study suggests that Tacrolimus Inhalation Powder can be administered with an acceptable safety profile to achieve the appropriate balance of local and systemic concentrations for immunosuppression at the site of the lung transplant while minimizing the risk of supra-therapeutic systemic exposure well known to cause substantial renal toxicity in these patients,” said
The trial was conducted with the standard format for a Phase 1 program:
- A single ascending dose (SAD) phase with single inhalation doses of Tacrolimus Inhalation Powder of 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2.5 mg and 5 mg was administered to four cohorts of healthy volunteers. The eight subjects in each cohort included six subjects randomized to receive tacrolimus and two randomized to receive placebo. A total of 24 subjects received active study drug.
- A multiple ascending dose (MAD) phase with three total cohorts. Two cohorts received repeated administration of Tacrolimus Inhalation Powder every 12 hours over 7 days at doses of 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg (BID dosing), and a third cohort received repeated administration of 1.5 mg once daily for seven days (QD dosing). The eight subjects in each cohort included six subjects randomized to receive tacrolimus and two randomized to receive placebo. A total of 18 subjects received active study drug.
Topline pharmacokinetic data from the Phase 1 study included:
- In the SAD phase of the study, inhaled delivery of tacrolimus resulted in mean trough blood levels of 10 ng/mL 12 hours post-dosing for subjects that received a dose of 5 mg, which falls within the desired range for maintenance immunosuppression following lung transplant.
- As previously reported in July, subjects from the MAD phase of the study who received doses of 0.5 mg twice daily and 1.0 mg twice daily achieved 12-hour trough steady state blood levels of tacrolimus that averaged 6.8 and 14.9 ng/mL, respectively, demonstrating that Inhaled Tacrolimus Powder can achieve blood levels generally deemed to be sufficient for efficacious immunosuppression.
- New data reported today showed that once daily dosing with 1.5 mg of Inhaled Tacrolimus Powder resulted in mean 12-hour trough blood levels of 6.3 ng/mL and mean 24-hour trough blood levels of 4.8 ng/mL, consistent with the desired therapeutic ranges for lung transplant patients.
The company is confident that this collective range of dose options has the potential to provide the flexibility for effective management of lung transplant patients in keeping with the current standard of practice that uses TDM to maintain appropriate plasma concentrations of tacrolimus.
“It is exciting for our patients and for us as clinicians to have a potential new option with Inhaled Tacrolimus Powder. Inhaled tacrolimus may be able to help overcome multiple current limitations we encounter with therapy and could optimize the management of acute allograft rejection in lung transplant recipients,” said
Safety results from the Phase 1 trial included:
- In both phases of the trial, the reported adverse events (AEs) were generally mild and consistent with those known to be related to tacrolimus exposure. There was no evidence of decreased pulmonary function, and based on the ECG assessments administered to all subjects, there were no instances of QTc prolongation (a known effect of tacrolimus).
- In the SAD portion of the study, no serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred. The most common side effects were mild and included headache, altered taste, throat irritation, and chest tightness.
- In the MAD portion of the trial, four patients experienced mild hypomagnesemia, a known adverse effect of tacrolimus. All four patients were in the 1.0 mg BID dosing cohort. Importantly, three of the four subjects had 12-hour trough blood levels of tacrolimus that exceeded the upper limit of the optimal range for lung transplant patients (15 ng/mL). All four patients, after receiving magnesium supplementation, had their magnesium levels return to baseline.
- Other mild AEs in the MAD portion of the study included headache, altered taste, throat irritation, and chest tightness. One subject experienced a headache with moderate severity that was deemed unrelated to study medication.
- A single Serious Adverse Event (SAE) was reported as possibly drug-related in a subject in the 1.5 mg QD dose cohort of the MAD phase of the study. The subject experienced confusion approximately 3.5 hours after receiving the seventh dose. The effects resolved spontaneously within 30 minutes and the subject was not admitted to hospital. During this event, no abnormal lab results, ECG traces, or physical exam results were found. This, combined with the transient nature and spontaneous resolution without changes in drug concentrations, leads to an unclear relationship between the drug and the adverse event. A review by the safety management committee concluded that it was safe to continue dosing the remainder of the cohort.
1. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017; 73(5): 573–580.
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3. Ann. Thorac. Med.; Jul-
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About TFF Pharmaceuticals’ Thin Film Freezing Technology Platform
TFF Pharmaceuticals’ Thin Film Freezing (TFF) platform was designed to improve the solubility and absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs and is particularly suited to generate dry powder particles with properties targeted for inhalation delivery, especially to the deep lung, an area of extreme interest in respiratory medicine. The TFF process results in a “Brittle Matrix Particle,” which possesses low bulk density, high surface area, and typically an amorphous morphology, allowing the particles to supersaturate when contacting the target site, such as lung tissue. Based upon laboratory experiments the aerodynamic properties of the particles are such that the portion of a drug deposited to the deep lung has the potential to reach as high as 75 percent.
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Source: TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Source: TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc.